Starting and Developing a New Venture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Starting and Developing a New Venture - Essay Example Under these circumstances, entrepreneurship comes in handy. Investing in small businesses that do not require large amounts of capital is fits the entrepreneurs whose capital acquisition is limited. With more and more people getting engaged in the small business sector, their ability to meet the basic needs is strengthened as they wait for better opportunities to emerge. The small business sector is composed of many small independent firms that own a little market share. The small firms lack the capability of influencing prices within the market segment that they occupy. The firms in a small business sector lack formalities in their management structures. They are normally dominated by centralized management and individual decision making in the production process. Firms in a small business sector mainly operate on low capital and produce a limited number of products, targeting a narrow array of customers in the market (Nathaniel, 2008: 47). The small business sector is a derivative of entrepreneurship and innovation. Entrepreneurship is the process of undertaking the risk of obtaining goods and services at a particular cost and selling them at predicted prices. It is the process of combining many factors of production in the creation of new enterprises. Innovation is a change in product, service or the method of production and marketing, with the a im of improving competitiveness of a business in the market. The small business sector comes up to satisfy a particular demand existing in a particular locality. Innovative entrepreneurs identify the need for availing nonexistent products and services in the market. They may not be needed in large quantities, but they are essential in the market. A good example is where small scale dealers in spare parts complement the automobile industry in a particular area. Motor vehicle dealers may not

Little Princes Essay Example for Free

Little Princes Essay If one were to take a survey and ask people around a single question like, â€Å"How was your day? † â€Å"Good†, can be the most popular answer one would hear in response. One would wonder how many of them, really had a satisfactory day. Many people like to stay comfortable in their daily routine and prefer not to change it. However, one can forget that every day and every second of today counts and leaves a mark for tomorrow. What makes the difference in moments are the ones who make it count. Mary Kay, a successful businessperson classifies people in three different categories: â€Å"Those who make things happen, those who watch things happen and those who wonder what happened. † Connor Grennan, the author and narrator of Little Princes, is a good example of a man making things to happen. In the beginning, the reader meets a less mature and self-centered Grennan. Despite the risk of joining a volunteer program during the country? s civil war, he searches for an adventure different from his routine life. The author? character transition throughout the book encourages readers to become a generation that makes things happen—a generation that expresses love, fuels hope, and dreams of a better tomorrow. Grennan? s attitude about volunteering changed as he faced reality in Nepal. In the beginning, the idea of volunteering seemed a perfect way to begin an adventure. His first thoughts about the volunteer service focused on making himself seem altruistic. With this experience, Grennan says that he â€Å"would squash any potential criticism†; he saw this planned three-month journey as his ticket to balance any other life decisions in the future. 7) Moreover, as we see him immerse in a different culture, Grennan? s strategy of survival urged him to become close to the families and embrace their culture. We see his character change as he expresses every experience from having his first meal based on rice and lentils and without using utensils, to learning a squat position to use the bathroom. Although it was only the beginning, we started to see a character that was willing to confront his barriers and come out of his comfort zone. His challenge arrived when he walked across the gate to the orphanage. Grennan became self-conscious of being well prepared and states that it â€Å"seemed ludicrous† to be a volunteer in the orphanage (Grennan 16). At that moment, he could not think of a skill in him when working with kids â€Å"other than the ability to pick up objects from the floor† (Grennan 16). He decided not to waste time wondering about the fact as he was already there. He compared his situation as if he were in Spain during the running of the bulls. This refers to what he does, must be done without over-thinking and reacting quickly. His first experience at the orphanage changed his assumptions about volunteer work. While Grennan continues to involve himself as a volunteer in Little Princes, we sense his expression of emotions, concerns, and joy with these orphans and the Nepalese community. He feels the pain they go through and takes them to the hospital. Grennan takes the word â€Å"brother† very seriously and behaves like a protective old brother to them. When he discovers the truth about the supposed orphans who are actually trafficked children, Grennan is heartbroken. As their ? older brother? , he is concerned for the kids. Later, he realizes that even the other volunteers have not taken any action to help the children. The readers start to see an emergence of leadership from Grennan. Grennan and his friend found a mother of two orphans; they reunited them to their mother as they planned trips to the town where she was staying. Meanwhile, Grennan found seven more kids living there with this mother and survived in extremely poor conditions. He wanted these seven kids to be in a safer place and there is where his mission began. In his first three-month period, he realizes these kids mean more to him. Grennan mentions, â€Å"If walking into the responsibility of caring for eighteen children was difficult, walking out on that responsibility was almost impossible†(p. 54) the meaning of this responsibility is that he wants the kids to get a better life. He cannot finish his work as a simple volunteer when he knows that these kids have a family. He commits himself to the promise of coming back for the children. Grennan becomes an example to these actions as he starts to look for a safer place for these kids. He knocks on every door for help and even he finds many corrupt situations as he digs into the story. When he finally thinks he has found an organization to rely on, everything becomes bad because Golkka, the trafficker finds about Grennan intentions and takes the kids away. In this situation, we see a character that not only tries but also lives with honor. Though he has failed to keep his promise the first time, he refuses to give up. Like in the beginning, he could have acted quickly and taken a plane back to Nepal but he realizes that this time he needed to plan and have a secure place for the kids. His only choice was to open an organization. Again, Grennan tells us about his lack of skills when he says, â€Å"I had no idea how to start a nonprofit organization† (p. 104). In this passage when Grennan recognizes his weaknesses we can identified to those times that we faced obstacles and fear of not knowing what to do. He sets an example to everyone as he becomes eagerly and attained to complete this mission. After some research and advice from his peers, he was able to start. Grennan mentions how desperate he was and how he could not sleep nor relax because the idea of the kids being in danger stressed him. The idea of rescuing the kids seemed like a dream at the beginning and became a challenge. Besides his mature character, we see a man who now acts selfless as he chooses to give himself to this purpose. It seemed ridiculous to him in the beginning because he thought he could have been spending time with friends and meeting girls. Then, Grennan realized that he is doing something that gives him meaning in his life. In the meantime, he has found real friends that encourage him. Connor Grennan reminds us that extraordinary things happen when we unite. Working together has helped and encouraged Connor to continue his nonprofit organization. He has his friend Farid, and finds other networks of friends that can help him economically and emotionally. During his time at home, Grennan gets attention from the media and manages to become a recognized organization. Thanks to a brave man like Connor Grennan, many kids have new lives. We see a man who is persistent, who constantly plans what his next move is. When he comes back to Nepal, every day he insists to look for the children. As he starts to find them, he feels satisfied and happy for the kids. When hard times come, he has his friend Liz who is now a companion. She gives him messages of hope and love. When he goes to the mountains to go look for the families of the children in Little Princes he gets hurt and in poor conditions to continue. Anyone who reads Little Princes, reflects at this point that Connor gives himself in this mission as he continues regardless of his illness. This part of the book is the most touching one as we experience victory when finding the families. Many of the challenges Grennan faced during this journey, allowed his personality to grow and become a responsible human being. Connor sends a more profound message to the people around him. His message to today’s generation is to start being compassionate about stopping corruption and injustice. Moreover, his message is for the coming generations to treasure every day and the people next to us. If there is something that can be challenging but can make a better person, situation, or society, he encourage us to try and do not give up. Grennan story tells us that one can have the whole world against us but when you know that you are capable of pressing forward or have somebody to believe in you, change can happen.

Changing Output Voltage of DC †DC Converters

Changing Output Voltage of DC – DC Converters Ben Harper The Purpose of this investigation is to look at the effects of changing various components in a 3 volt to 9 volt DC – DC converter will have on the output voltage. The results collected will be compared to theoretical values in order to find out whether or not they match and if not why. Background DC – DC converters are very important components in many different circuits, they are used in laptops, cars, and cell phones, mainly devices that receive their power from batteries. There are often sub circuits within complex circuits and these sub circuits often require a specific voltage that is different from the voltage that is flowing through the circuit, this is where the DC – DC converter comes in, it is used to either step up or step down the voltage so that the sub circuit can function properly. One other use is to step up the voltage of a battery that is low on power, when batteries become low on power their output voltage can decrease making the circuit unable to function but with a step up DC – DC converter the lowered voltage can be stepped up and increased enough to allow the circuit to continue functioning for longer. This method is much more efficient than using multiple batteries. Ultimately DC – DC converters play various roles in circuit s but they are essential and effective. Research Resistors Resistors are small devices usually made of ceramic that control the amount of current flowing through a circuit. The resistance of resistors are measured in ohms (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦) When the resistance of a resistor is high the current is low and when the resistance is low the current is high. Voltage, current and resistance is all connected to one another through Ohm’s law. Ohms law can be stated in words as the current in a resistive circuit is directly proportional to its applied voltage and inversely proportional to its resistance (Ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu, 2014). In the form of an equation it can be defined as: Resistors can be found in almost any circuit and play a very important role. Certain components within circuits cannot handle high levels of voltage and will overload and become unusable if too much voltage flows through them, properly placed resistors can stop this from happening. There are many other types of resistors such as variable resistors and foil resistors and potentiometers Capacitors Capacitors are very common components that can be found within most circuits and have multiple uses. These components have the ability to store an electrical charge and then discharge at certain intervals of time. They are used for multiple reasons, one of which is their ability to smooth a current. Having a smooth current can prevent false triggering of sensitive components such as relays. Capacitors are measured in capacitance and this is found using the formula: A capacitor contains only two conductors that are separated by a single insulating material called a dielectric. The dielectric can be one of many different things, plastic, paper, ceramic or air. The two plates can be made of aluminium or a thin film of metal. Electrolytic capacitors have positive and negative leads, this means that they are polarized, the capacitor must be placed the right way around or else the oxide insulator on one of the foils will erode and cause the component to become conductive causing it to conduct large amounts of current which results in the electrolytic fluid boiling, building up pressure and ultimately popping. Non-electrolytic capacitors tend to have a significantly lower capacitance and are normally used to smooth the current in a circuit. Electromagnetic induction coils Electromagnetic induction a process that takes place when a conductor is present in a varying magnetic field or when a conductor is moves through a non-changing magnetic field. These actions cause voltage to be produced across the conductor. This whole process induces an electrical current. The discovery of electromagnetic induction was made by Michael Faraday in 1981 and he is known for the equation named Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. The equation is as follows: Flux is a measurement of how much of a vector field passes perpendicularly through a given area (Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu, 2014). A vector field is a vector quantity that can have different values, an example of a vector field is the water molecules in a river, in this example the vector quantity changes depending on its location. The vector field that present in electromagnetic induction is dependent on multiple things such as location and number of coils. In Faradays law of electromagnetic induction, flux which is represented by the Phi symbol is found using: The voltage (E.M.F.) created in a coil by a changing magnetic field is proportional to rate in which the magnetic flux changed and the number of winding in the coil (Basic Electronics Tutorials, 2014). TL499A IC The TL499A is an integrated circuit (IC) that was created for the purpose of providing adjustable regulated supply voltages, by adding a battery between 1.1 volts and 10 volts, an inductor, a filter capacitor and two resistors the IC can function as a step-up switching regulator. In this specific chip output voltages can vary between 2.9 volts and 30 volts, but this depends on multiple factors such as input voltage, current and resistance. This IC was designed to be a back-up step up switching regulator in the instance of an ac-line failure. The top view of the IC can be seen below in Figure 1. Inside of the IC there is a complex circuit that consists of multiple diodes, transistors, resistors and capacitors. Refer to Figure 2 below for a detailed circuit diagram Transistors Transistors are a form of switch, nearly all circuits will have at least one transistor. There are two main types of transistors, the most common is NPN but there is also PNP. When p-type and n-type materials are placed in contact with each other, the junction behaves very differently than either type of material alone. Specifically, current will flow readily in one direction (forward biased) but not in the other (reverse biased), creating the basic diode. This non-reversing behaviour arises from the nature of the charge transport process in the two types of materials. ((Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu, 2014)). There are all different kinds of transistors that come in different shapes and sizes but they always have three legs. There is the base, the collector and the emitter. The base is responsible for the activation of the transistor, the collector is the positive leg and the emitter is the negative leg. Diodes Diodes are very common components that can be found in many circuits, the function of a diode is to cause electricity to flow in one direction. A diode is an electrical device allowing current to move through it in one direction with far greater ease than in the other. The most common kind of diode in modern circuit design is the semiconductor diode, although other diode technologies exist. (Allaboutcircuits.com, 2014). There are few diodes placed within the DC – DC converter assembled for this investigation but there are multiple diodes found within the TL499A IC. Hypothesis By changing resistors R1 and R2 within the Jaycar DC – DC converter kit the output voltage will vary. An increase in the resistance between these two resistors in parallel will result in an increase in output voltage. Aim The aim of this experiment is to determine whether or not decreasing the voltage of two parallel resistors will increase the output voltage of the entire circuit. By decreasing the resistance the current will increase and therefore allow a higher output voltage from the IC. â€Å"output voltage can be varied from 2.9 V to 30 V by adjusting the input of current which can be changed using the two external resistors† (Datasheetlib.com, 1984). Experimental procedure Method In order to determine the effects that the external resistors, R1 and R2 have on the circuit, they must be replaced with resistors of varying values. Once the resistors have been replaced the circuit must be connected to a power pack and the output voltage must be recorded. This process must be repeated with different resistors until there is a satisfactory amount of data collected. Materials Soldering iron Heat proof mats Resistors Solder Sponge Results Results: Practical The second change made was to R2, it was determined after changing the resistor R1 that the current flowing through the circuit was the variable that directly affected the output voltage of the entire circuit. The lower the output current the higher the output voltage was. Input Voltage Resistance of R1 Resistance of R2 Output Voltage 3 22000 Ohms 27000 Ohms 4.26 Volts 3 15000 Ohms 180000 Ohms 4.94 Volts 3 33000 Ohms 39000 Ohms 5.83 Volts 3 27000 Ohms 180000 Ohms 7.38 Volts 3 33000 Ohms 220000 Ohms 8.95 Volts 3 47000 Ohms 270000 Ohms 11.92 Volts 3 56000 Ohms 560000 Ohms 14.81 Volts Results: Theoretical Input Voltage Resistance of R1 Resistance of R2 R1, R2 Parallel Output Voltage 3 22000 Ohms 27000 Ohms 12122.45 4.51 3 15000 Ohms 180000 Ohms 13846.15 4.97 3 33000 Ohms 39000 Ohms 17875 6.05 3 27000 Ohms 180000 Ohms 23478.26 7.55 3 33000 Ohms 220000 Ohms 28695.65 8.95 3 47000 Ohms 270000 Ohms 38726.59 11.99 3 56000 Ohms 560000 Ohms 50909.09 14.91 The graph above represents the change in resistance as the output voltage increase. Sources of Error There are many different possible sources of error within the procedure that is undertaken during this experiment. The power packs at Albany Creek State High school do not all give out the correct amount of voltage; most multimeters are faulty and can give false readings, and with the resistors being constantly soldered and unsoldered in order to replace them there may be a drop in accuracy due to the board melting a small amount or a soldering joint not being done properly. Any other sources of error would be related to physical factors such as temperature and would have minimal and negligible effect on the final results. Discussion In any situation where more voltage than what is available is needed when DC current is being used, a step up converter is the solution. The circuit that was put together for this experiment can deliver between 4.5 and 20 volts output depending on the input voltage and the configuration of the resistors. Figure 1 contains a diagram of the TL499A power supply IC. Within the IC there is a series and a switching regulator. The switching regulator is responsible for the operation of the step up pulse width modulated DC – DC converter. A single variable frequency oscillator operates a transistor that is a switch between one side of a boost inductor and ground. In Appendix A it can be seen that the end of the inductor is connected to the positive battery output while the other is connected to pin six of the IC, pin six is the collector of the switching transistor. When the transistor turns on current flowing through L1 rapidly increased while it holds energy within the magnetic fiel d of the inductor. The inductor works by producing voltage when a conductor is moving through a magnetic field and when this field collapses it causes all of the electricity that was being stored in the magnetic field to discharge. When the transistor is powered down it turns off and the magnetic field breaks down producing an immediate increase in voltage. This allows the blocking diode to conduct, therefore transporting the voltage from the inductor to the capacitor that serves as an output filter before it carries on to pin 8 of the TL499a. The second transistor creates a section â€Å"of a cycle by cycle current limiting circuit† (Ti.com, 2014). This current turns off the switching transistor when the current through it reaches a predetermined level (Ti.com, 2014). The circuit uses a fixed time arrangement to preserve a controlled output voltage in changing load environments, the changing frequency can be as small as a couple kHz but with the highest load and lowest possi ble input voltage, it rises to over 20 kHz. DC voltage applied to pin 1 flows into the output at pin 8 through the transistor. â€Å"The base of Q3 is driven by an error amplifier, which compares a 1.26 volt reference voltage on its non-inverting input with the voltage at pin 2†. (Datasheetlib.com, 1984) The output voltage is determined by the equation: By choosing appropriate values for R1 and R2, the output voltage of the entire circuit can be set for any voltage between 4.5 volts and 20. From the data collected it is clear that they the resistance does increase with resistance of R1 and R2. The data does not completely match the theoretical values and the difference between them varies significantly, this is most likely due to the fact that different power packs were used for some of the of the measurements, it could also be an effect of repeatedly soldering and unsoldering the join where the resisters were placed. The clear increase in voltage with the increase in resistance makes it obvious that the results are supportive of the hypothesis and create a clear pattern that shows the increase of voltage that is relative to the resistance. The results do not go past an output voltage of fifteen therefore the limits have not been tested, it has been stated â€Å"the TL499A has a minimum output of 2.9 and a maximum output of 30 volt s† (Datasheetlib.com, 1984). One possible way of improving the results and increasing the accuracy would be to find an accurate power pack to use on the circuit, another viable option would be to use the same power pack and multimeter for every measurement that is made therefore the results would not be accurate but they would be precise. In order to get accurate results the power pack and multi meter must be tested and it must be made sure that the power pack has the correct output voltage and the multimeter reads the voltage output correctly. Another investigation that this experiment could lead to could be the effect of varying the input voltage to an induction coil. Conclusion In conclusion the results collected from the DC – DC converter ultimately support the hypothesis presented earlier in the report that by changing resistors R1 and R2 within the Jaycar DC – DC converter kit the output voltage will vary. An increase in the resistance between these two resistors in parallel will result in an increase in output voltage. The results corroborate with multiple other theories and laws. This DC – DC converter can be altered by simply changing the resistance of resistors R1 and R2 and this is supported by a suitable amount of both primary and secondary data. Bibliography Allaboutcircuits.com, (2014). Introduction : Diodes And Rectifiers. [online] Available at: http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_3/chpt_3/1.html. Basic Electronics Tutorials. 2014. Electromagnetic Induction and Faradays Law. [online] Available at: http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/electromagnetism/electromagnetic-induction.html [Accessed: 26 May 2014]. CDS linear, (2014). Linear technology. [online] Available at: http://cds.linear.com/docs/en/datasheet/1111fd.pdf [Accessed 10 Jun. 2014]. Datasheetlib.com, (1984). TL499A Datasheet | DatasheetLib.com. [online] Available at: http://www.datasheetlib.com/datasheet/68927/tl499a_ti-texas-instruments.html [Accessed 10 Jun. 2014]. Ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu. 2014. Ohms law. [online] Available at: http://ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu/211.fall2000.web.projects/Jeremie Smith/page4.htm [Accessed: 26 May 2014]. Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. 2014. Magnetic Flux. [online] Available at: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/fluxmg.html [Accessed: 26 May 2014]. Jones, A. (2014). How Electromagnetic Induction Creates Current. [online] Available at: http://physics.about.com/od/physicsetoh/g/induction.htm [Accessed 10 Jun. 2014]. Ndt-ed.org, (2014). Electromagnetic Induction. [online] Available at: http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/HighSchool/Electricity/electroinduction.htm [Accessed 10 Jun. 2014]. People.sinclair.edu, (n.d.). EET 155 Unit 2: Capacitors and Inductors in DC Circuits. [online] Available at: http://people.sinclair.edu/nickreeder/eet155/mod02.htm [Accessed 10 Jun. 2014]. Ti.com, (2014). TL499A | Step-Up (Boost) Converter | Converter (Integrated Switch) | Description parametrics. [online] Available at: http://www.ti.com/product/tl499a.

Aspects of a Sonnet Essay -- Sonnets Literature Essays

Aspects of a Sonnet Explore aspects of the sonnet tradition through reference to a range of material you have studied? A sonnet is a 14-line poem with each line having 10 syllables. It originated in the 13th century and was introduced into England in the 16th century by Sir Thomas Wyatt. The Petrarchan (or Italian) sonnet characteristically consists of an eight-line octave, rhyming abbaabba, that states a problem, asks a question, or expresses an emotional tension, followed by a six-line sestet, of varying rhyme schemes, that resolves the problem, answers the question, or resolves the tension. The rhyme scheme for the sestet is cdecde. For instance, Wilfred Owen uses the first eight-lines to describe how deaths at war are laid to rest and the sestet to describe how the same thing is done back home (Anthem for Doomed Youth). The rhyme scheme for the sestet is cdecde. This is how the famous poet Francesco Petrarca, thus why it is named the "Petrarchan Sonnet" chose to write his sonnets. However William Shakespeare, a famous English poet, used another sonnet-rhyming scheme his is as follows: The first twelve lines are made up of three quatrains (blocks of four lines linked by rhyme). The last two lines form a rhyming couplet, e.g. a rhyming pair: abab, cdcd, efef, gg William Shakespeare is often considered the greatest writer of English literature that ever lived. By 1594 he was a rising playwright in London and an actor in a leading theatre company, who performed at the Globe Theatre from 1599. His 154 sonnets were originally published in 1609 but it is argued that they were mostly written in the 1590s, often expressed strong feeling within an exquisitely controlled form. His son... ...question. "What candles may be held to speed them all?" (Anthem for Doomed Youth, line 9) To conclude, the six poets I have written about all had their different views upon their own chosen subjects. And how sonnet have been passed down through the generations and what a sonnet has become today in the modern world. Shakespeare wrote about how love was timeless whereas Keats had found love too late. Browning wrote of how dedicated she was to her husband whereas Rossetti wrote of how she wanted to be remembered when she was gone. Wordsworth saw things that other people could not see and thus achieved his romantic poetic title. And finally Owen portrayed his anguish and hatred of war in his sonnets with an equisetic use of language and vocabulary. All the poets who wrote sonnets, young and old have entranced millions of readers throughout the world.

Was World War One Responsible for Nicholas Ii’s Downfall?

Emily Hawkins How far do you agree that Nicholas II’s downfall was caused by World War 1? 1914 was a devastating year for many countries of the world, as world war one began to take full effect. But as world war one shook the world; it began to question Nicholas II’s ability to rule Russia. In this essay i will discuss the extent of world war one’s responsibility in Nicholas II’s downfall, and the extent of other contributing factors. I will argue that Nicholas II’s own traits as a leader were the main reason for his downfall.On the one hand, world war one had a huge impact on the Tsar and his country. Firstly, the cost of the war was placing a huge strain on Russia’s economy. Taxes increased hugely and the cost of living rose by 300%, so in order to try and help the economy through the struggling times of world war one, the government printed more money, making all money worthless. The people of Russia were now struggling even more than they were before the war had begun. Secondly, the Germans were forcing the Russians to retreat and they were therefore losing a lot of land.The impact of the battle of Tannenburg, where 30,000 troops were killed and 95,000 captured had a huge impact on the army’s moral, and by the end of 1916, 2 million soldiers had left the army. The commander in chief shot himself because of how bad the country and the army were doing, and soon after, the Tsar himself took on the role of commander in chief, although he lacked ability and knowledge. Also, the military had a lack of resources, in each regiment in the army; there was one gun per three people; the Tsar was blamed for many of the military downfalls, and this was one of them.The Russian transport system was also facing serious problems, and the ammunitions being made in the factories weren’t getting to the front line. Thirdly, world war one was causing huge food shortages; in Moscow in 1914, Russia was receiving 2200 wagons of grain and by Christmas 1916, the number of carts was down to just 300. This was because of distribution problems; nobody could sort the carts out properly. They were prioritized to the front line, so that the soldiers got the first carts.But after the front line had been sent their grain, there was nobody sorting out the rest of it; there were carts found with bread rotting away, bread that the starving Russian people were missing out on. Although world war one was not the sole reason for Nicholas’ downfall, it did act as a catalyst. It increased the severity of the existing problems that Russia was facing. It also highlighted that the Tsar and the Romanov dynasty was no longer capable of ruling the country and that they didn’t have the support and determination to rule the country through a world war.On the other hand, there were many other reasons that the Tsar’s downfall occurred. Firstly, the strikes and demonstrations in Moscow and Petrograd were causing h uge disruption, and when the Tsar tried to return to Petrograd, his train was stopped and he realised that he couldn’t control the protestors; a major sign that he had no control of Russia and its people. Secondly, the revolutionary parties were spreading their radical ideas around the country, and also highlighting the weaknesses of the Romanov dynasty.The Tsar’s downfall was prone because of the amount of opposition that he faced and his loss of support to the other political parties. Parties such as the Bolsheviks, Social Revolutionaries, Mensheviks and Populists educated the peasants and working-class people on the need for a new type of leadership; this encouraged strikes and discontent. Many of the strikes were purely because of the appalling living and working conditions, and for a while, the people united together because of the war, but when the Russian people began to feel the true cost of the war, the protests began to re-occur and more support for the Tsar was lost.Thirdly, because of the troops refusing to shoot at protestors on 25th of February, the army felt no longer obliged to be loyal to the Tsar. As long as the Tsar was not supported by the army, he had no chance of successfully running Russia. The Duma also refused orders to dissolve, and 12 of its members formed a committee that planned to take over Russia; the called themselves ‘The Provisional Government’. The soviets also issued ‘Order number 1’ which demanded that all officers in the army be elected by their men, proving that the Tsar had lost all of his power.Therefore, there were many factors involved in the Tsar’s downfall, such as the political opposition, strikes and the disloyalty of the army and the Duma. Once people started to support the other political parties, they lost all loyalty for the ‘God appointed’ Tsar. The strikes highlighted the weaknesses of the Tsar’s leadership skills and proved that he couldnâ⠂¬â„¢t no longer control and rule Russia. The disloyalty of the army and the Duma completely removed all of his power, meaning that Nicholas could no longer be Tsar.I personally believe that Nicholas II was responsible for his own downfall. Although there was definitely contributing factors, his naive attitude and inability to effectively rule a country caused his downfall. Nicholas failed to trust key advisors such as Witte and Stolypin and despite him issuing the October Manifesto; he preserved his own autocratic power through the fundamental laws, which the Russian people didn’t like. He failed to think and plan ahead to create a better future for Russia, he didn’t think like a leader should.Even though the war was already a huge strain on Russia, and on Nicholas, he still felt it necessary to take over the role of commander in chief of the army; although he had no experience or knowledge of the role. He was blamed for many of the army’s failure, and people s topped believing in him. By Christmas 1916, the Russian army were struggling and with Nicholas II as an unqualified leader, poor communications and shortages of food and supplies led to problems and Nicholas was blamed for the 1. million soldiers who died, the 3. 9 million wounded and the 2. 4 million who were now prisoners. As Nicholas was busy trying to incapably run the army, he left his wife in charge of Russia, his wife that nobody liked. As she was German born, the Russian people thought that she was sympathetic to the enemy, and they deeply mistrusted her. The Russian people looked at their leadership and saw the ineffectiveness; they began to look for alternative leaders.Also, people disliked the Tsar, as he took key advice from Rasputin, who was disliked by the population for making many ministerial changes, and they thought that he was having an affair with the Tsarina. Some radical parties began to plot the death of Rasputin as the Russian people looked for alternatives t o the Romanov dynasty. Therefore Nicholas was responsible for his own downfall. People began to dislike him after he failed to listen to his key advisors and improve Russia. This was made worse by his inability to share power with the Dumas or any other political opposition.Russian people also hated the fact that Nicholas had taken the role of commander in chief of the army. He was unable to run the country, let alone the army as well. He had almost run Russia into the ground, and then he left it in the hands of someone that none of the population liked or trusted, so that he could take up a role he knew nothing about; which he failed at miserably, letting the country and the army down. Therefore, i believe that Nicholas was responsible for his own downfall.There were many other things to blame though, such as world war one, the disloyalty of the army, and his political opposition. As soon as world war one started, the Russian people began to see that Nicholas was incapable of runni ng Russia and they looked towards the opposition for a way out of the autocratic state they had suffered so long. Once the loyalty of the army was lost, Nicholas had no chance of getting Russia back to how it was 100’s of years before. He knew that his time of autocracy, and the time of the Romanov dynasty was up.

Infrastructure Facilities And Road Infrastructure Services Tourism Essay Essays

Infrastructure Facilities And Road Infrastructure Services Tourism Essay Essays Infrastructure Facilities And Road Infrastructure Services Tourism Essay Essay Infrastructure Facilities And Road Infrastructure Services Tourism Essay Essay Road sector constitutes a significant portion of substructure in India.An efficient route web is necessary for the state like India for national integrating and economic development. Road is the primary mean of transit which helps us in linking to different cities.Roads portion a large portion of transit of goods and services. India has a huge web of 3.3 million kilometer which is the 2nd largest route web in universe. Roadss involve in transporting approximately 61 % frieght and 85 % of the rider traffic. 66000 kilometer of main roads and freewaies carry about 40 % of route traffic. The authorities of India takes enterprises in the development of roads nad spends about about Rs.18000 crores ( US $ 4 billion ) . Roadss in Ranchi Ranchi is connected with 2 National Highways ( NH-23 A ; NH- 33 ) which cross it and NH-75 originates here. Lots of rural and urban route development procedures are traveling on in Ranchi with the aid of province authorities.Recently the province authorities with the support of NHDC has constituted a program to spread out the route connectivity of different territory central office to this capital metropolis with 4-lane main roads of international criterions. There are no local coach services available in Ranchi. For transposing from one topographic point to another 1 can engage or portion an Auto Rickshaw and taxis are besides available. Cycle jinrikisha are a more common manner to go for short distances. The metropolis has one State Bus Terminus where coachs are available for going to Bokaro steel metropolis, Jamshedpur, Patna, Gaya, Bhagalpur, Alipurduar, Siliguri, Kolkata and Rourkela. The State Bus Terminus is located near the Ranchi Railway station.There are besides buses available for Kolkata, Banaras, Rourkela and metropoliss of other eastern provinces. Ratu Road is another Private Bus Terminus where coachs are available for finishs in Jharkhand, Bihar, Orissa and Chhattisgarh. There has been a considerable development in Ranchi along the major regional linkages in a radial form in the yesteryear. Besides there has been a applaudable attempt in the recent old ages to better the pavement conditions of major roads and roads under Ranchi Municiple Corporation. The primary concern in is decongestion, Mass theodolite system, betterment of the traffic velocity, betterment of route gears, canalisation of traffic, traffic subject, to provide to the ever-increasing figure of vehicles in the metropolis, which is projected to be doubled by the following 5 old ages. Regional linkages Ranchi is good linked to other parts of the province and India, by Road, Rail A ; Air. NH-23 connects the metropolis in south-western way to Chattisgarh. NH-33 which passes through Ranchi metropolis, linking in north to Hazaribagh, Dhanbad and farther to UP and Delhi, in south-east to Jamshedpur, Orissa A ; Kolkata. NH-75 connects the metropolis in West to the western portion of the province and farther to Bombay. Road Network in the metropolis Ranchi has developed well along with all major roads and other regional linkages in the past old ages. The commercial activity preponderantly have developed along the north-south Main Road which is the major arteria of the metropolis, get downing at the Upper Bazar at north-west, Administrative offices at north, Commercial Centres along the cardinal spinal column, Administrative office at the South A ; south-east, climaxing to self sufficient Industrial Area ( HEC, HSL ) at the south-west terminal as seen on the Proposed Master Plan of Ranchi -1983, by Ranchi Ruaral Development Authority ( RRDA ) . A Traffic Volume Count Survey has been conducted in the metropolis in different locations to understand the Characteristics of the traffic at critical locations. Understanding of land usage and route denseness is really necessary to take farther stairss towards development. It helps us in happening out the chief jobs and troubles which common people is enduring from this heavy traffic movemnt and their congestion.The traffic velocity on the Main Road is really slow peculiarly during the peak hours as per the study. The breadth of the chief arteria and roads in the metropolis is 10 to 25 metres and the breadth of other major roads is 5 to 10 metres. The country of the metropolis is 173 Sq.Km, and in 1981 the route length per 1000 population in Ranchi was 0.26 kilometer merely and the route length per 100 sq. kilometer. of country it is 72.53 Kms. Till 2008 Ranchi has sum of 569 Km route length. The 14 roads identified as chief traffic transporting corridors by PWD has a entire length of 94 Km, construct amp ; maintained by PWD. The remainder 475 kilometer roads constitute the sub-arterial and colony roads, construct amp ; maintained by RMC. The entire 470km roads maintained by RMC constitute of 346 kilometers roads as pucca roads, Out of which 32 kilometer WBM, 62 kilometers are bituminous A ; 252 kilometers are concrete top. 124 km roads are kuccha building, out of which merely 29 kilometers are motor able and 90 kilometers are non-motorable. Types of Roads History for ( in % ) Pucca with WBM 7 Pucca Bituminous 13 Pucca concrete 55 Kuchcha Motorable 6 Kuchcha Non-motorable 19 From above pie chart it can be derived as: Largely the roads in Ranchi are formed of concrete and are for good constructed. About 75 % of roads are in good status and are distributed as pucca concrete, pucca Bituminous, pucca with WBM. Remaning 25 % of route is referred as kuccha roads which is separated as motorable and non- motorable. Major Roadss in Ranchi H.B. Road ( Hazaribagh Road ) Old H.B Road Round Road Mahatma Gandhi /Main Road Purulia Road Kankee Road Ratu Road Indrapuri Road Bariatu Road HEC Ratu Bypass Road Club Road Church Road Major Intersections in Ranchi Kutchery Firayalal ( Albert Ekka ) Medical ( RMCH ) Kokar Lalpur Karamtoli Kantatoli Booty More BIT More Birsa Chowk Pandra Piska more Dangratoli Chowk Argora Sahjanand Chowk Harmu Bypass Hinoo more Doranda Russian Hotel Dhurwa Chandni Chowk Bus Terminus in Ranchi Birsa Bus Terminus ( Khadgada ) Ratu Road Bus Stand State Transport Bus Terminal ( Overbridge ) Major corridors of the metropolis: S.No. From To Length ( in kilometer ) 1. Firayalal Chowk Shaheed Chowk 0.3 2. Firayalal Chowk Kantatoli Chowk 3 3. Firayalal Chowk Rajendra Chowk 4.2 4. Railway Station Kantatoli Chowk 2.7 5. Railway Station Argora Chowk 3.6 6. Rajendra Chowk Namkum Chowk 5.6 7. Rajendra Chowk Birsa Chowk 3.2 8. Birsa Chowk Hatia 5.7 9. Birsa Chowk Tipudana 7.4 10. Birsa Chowk Argora Chowk 3.4 11. Argora Chowk Ratu Road 4.5 12 Piska More Lalgutua 5 13. Piska More Lohardaga Road 6 14. Piska More Ratu Road 2 15. Shaheed Chowk Kachahri 1.2 16. Shaheed Chowk Ratu Road 1.4 17. Kachahri Karam Toli 1.2 18. Kachahri Ratu Road 1 19. Karam Toli Booty More 6.3 20. Booty More Kantatoli Chowk 5.4 21. Kantatoli Chowk Namkum Chowk 5.8 Entire 78.9 Condition of Roads in Ranchi Though the chief streets of the metropolis are in satisfactory status as the broadening and strengthening of these roads has been done late, the absence of other substructure viz. pathwaies, route marker, rotary, inveighing etc. leads to decrease in traffic velocity. Merely 50 % of major roads have drainage construct along the sides. The inside settlement roads have chuckholes and without proper drainage system along the sides. The kuccha roads on the peripheries are in a really bad province. Growth of vehicles in Ranchi In twelvemonth 1990-2001, the figure of auto-rickshaws is 19.15 per 1000 population, while rhythm jinrikishas are recorded as 23.5 per 1000 population. In the twelvemonth 2008 the figure of car jinrikisha is 26.15 per 1000 population. The enrollment records of the Regional Transport Authority, Ranchi indicate that the enrollment of motorised vehicles, both public and private has increased by 224 % between 1990-01 and 2001-2008 due to big industrial growing in this period, nevertheless the growing has reduced to 63 % between 1990-91 to 2000-01, farther it is expected to turn at non less than 100 % boulder clay 2021. The metropolis shows an increasing tendency in the usage of two-wheelers like scooters, bikes and mopeds etc. The metropolis s transit demand is mostly met by the undermentioned manners of conveyance. Traffic Flows and Travel Demand Major transit issue faced is the legion commuters acquiring into the Central Business District ( CBD ) country from its environing through a high capacity radial web into the dense nucleus country, which is unable to accept the inflow of these flows taking to traffic bottlenecks. Top out hr flows on major traffic corridors is more than 8000 rider auto units ( PCUs ) , farther due to assorted traffic conditions and deficiency of subject, the lane capacity is well reduced. The extremum travel ( traffic ) clip as derived from traffic volumes counts on major roads and supplemented by the available primary informations for different of import traffic corridors is 10-11 AM and 5-6 PM. Peak Hours Traffic Data on Major Roads / Intersections S.No. JUNCTION ROAD Peak hour. In PCU s In Nos. 1 Argora Chowk Dibdih 1000-1100 1705 1912 2 Argora Chowk Old Argora Chowk 1400-1500 2683 3386 3 Argora Chowk Harmu 1800-1900 10595 6624 4 Argora Chowk Ashoka Nagar 1400-1500 217 3166 5 Birsa Chowk HEC 1700-1800 3761 3677 6 Birsa Chowk Hatia 1800-1900 3179 2412 7 Birsa Chowk Hinoo 1800-1900 3193 4550 8 Booti More Bariyatu 1800-1900 2792 1433 9 Booti More BIT Road 1300-1400 4450 2634 10 Booti More Kokar 1700-1800 5013 2822 11 Firayalal Chowk Shaheed Chowk 1400-1500 3859 3608 12 Firayalal Chowk Link tank route 1800-1900 3917 3886 13 Firayalal Chowk Lalpur Chowk 0900-1000 8199 8334 14 Firayalal Chowk Main Road 1400-1500 7690 6391 15 Kantatoli Chowk Dangratoli Chowk 1400-1500 6589 5128 16 Kantatoli Chowk H.B Road 1300-1400 3118 2770 17 Kantatoli Chowk Tata Road 1100-1200 3986 1559 18 Kantatoli Chowk Bahu Bazar 1100-1200 3017 3613 19 Kantatoli Chowk Firayalal Chowk 0900-1000 2737 2782 20 Kantatoli Chowk Mission Chowk 1400-1500 1532 1215 21 Kantatoli Chowk Sujata Chowk 1300-1400 2909 2988 22 Karam Toli Chowk Sainik theatre 0900-1000 1353 1432 23 Karam Toli Chowk Tagore hill 0800-0900 2072 2079 24 Karam Toli Chowk Bariyatu 1000-1100 2263 2246 25 Karam Toli Chowk Aadiwasi hostel 0800-0900 2585 2545 26 Kachahri Chowk Ratu Road 0900-1000 4269 3661 27 Kachahri Chowk Radium Road 1700-1800 2071 2170 28 Kachahri Chowk Lalpur Chowk 2100-2200 6233 1830 29 Kachahri Chowk Shaheed Chowk 1100-1200 3839 1817 30 Namkum Chowk Ranchi 1400-1500 2364 1558 31 Namkum Chowk Ghagra 0800-0900 1706 1368 32 Namkum Chowk Tata route 1800-1900 2237 1785 33 Piska More Ratu 0800-0900 3751 2851 34 Piska More Pandra 1700-1800 2883 3148 35 Piska More ITI route 0800-0900 2383 1478 36 Railway Station Bus Stand 0900-1000 3000 2804 37 Railway Station Bahu Bazar 1000-1100 2389 2452 38 Railway Station Railway Station 0900-1000 2479 2486 39 Railway Station Over Bridge 1600-1700 763 716 40 Rajendra Chowk Nibarampur 1200-1300 2692 1505 41 Rajendra Chowk Doranda 0900-1000 4375 3124 42 Rajendra Chowk Hinoo 1700-1800 3062 3131 43 Rajendra Chowk Over span 0800-0900 2778 1817 44 Ratu route Chowk Piska 1100-1200 4097 3495 45 Ratu route Chowk Raj Bhavan 1000-1100 1578 2000 46 Ratu route Chowk Kachahri 0800-0900 5089 4053 47 Ratu route Chowk Harmu 1000-1100 2384 2478 48 Shaheed Chowk Kachahri 1600-1700 1418 1458 49 Shaheed Chowk Firayalal 1000-1100 5228 5194 50 Shaheed Chowk Pustak 0800-0900 2204 1881 51 Shaheed Chowk Kotwali 1000-1100 2119 2228 Significant external-to-external flows across the nucleus country are prevalent in the metropolis in absence of by-pass roads. This has resulted in the decrease of mean velocities of the vehicles. The present mean velocity is merely approximately 10 kilometers per hr during extremum hours, and it is still likely to cut down if there is no betterment in the state of affairs. Important Land Marks Albert Ekka Chowk Shaheed Chowk Argora Chowk Harmoo Chowk Booty More Kanta Toli Chowk Over Bridge, Nibaranpur Over Bridge, Kadru Rly Over Pass, BM Rajpath, Dibdih Boubazar Chowk Club Chowk Vivekanand Chowk Rajendra Chowk Birsa Chowk HEC Golchakker Dhurwa more Morabadi Maidan Hinoo Chowk AG More Kutchery Chowk Ratan Talking pictures Fun Castle ( Ratu ) Hesag Karamtoli Chowk Chiraundi Lalpur Chowk Namkum Chowk ( Army Base ) Kali Nagar ( Tea Garden, Namkum ) Sadabahar Chowk Kokar Chowk Hatia Ranchi Express ( Upper Bazar ) Chandni Chowk ( Kanke Road ) Gandhi Nagar ( Kanke Road ) Jawahar Nagar ( Kanke Road ) Karbala Chowk ( Church route ) Bariatu Chowk Ratu park Piska More Ratu Road Daily Trip, Composition Sing the entire trips generated in the Ranchi metropolis it can be stated that approximately two trips per individual are made day-to-day that is one unit of ammunition trip per individual per twenty-four hours. At the metropolis degree, day-to-day trip rate per house clasp in Ranchi metropolis is about 10.35 and mean day-to-day trip rate per individual ( PCTR ) is about 2.25 which include trips undertaken by walking. Average Daily Trip Rate per Person and per Family Average Daily Trip Rate Work Education Others Total Per Person 0.73 0.92 0.60 2.25 Per Household 3.42 4.16 2.77 10.35 In the metropolis, the work and instruction trips together account for approximately 73 % of the entire day-to-day trips while the remainder of the trips are made for other intents like shopping, diversion, societal and medical intents. A big proportion of the day-to-day trips autumn in the instruction class. The distribution of the trips by intent is closely linked with the employment position and the age construction of the population. . Majority of low income group individuals in Ranchi either walk or usage rhythms, for which they do non hold to pay. In Ranchi about 30 per cent of the entire demand is met by travel on pes, 24 per cent by twowheelers, 12 per cent by rhythms and office/ factory/ school coachs besides play an of import function by transporting 12 per cent of the day-to-day riders. Model split in Ranchi Types of Vehicles Entire in no. Entire in % Bullock Cart 1722 2 Two Wheeler 39310 26 Three Wheeler/Auto Rickshaw 21962 15 Car/Jeep/Van/Taxi 25398 17 Buss 4982 3 LCV 8056 6 Trucks 3350 3 Cycle 20375 14 Cycle Rickshaw 20528 14 From the above theoretical account split of vehicles in Ranchi followerss can be derived: 28 % of the traffic constitutes of bullock cart, rhythm, rhythm jinrikishas.So chiefly the parity theodolite manners are used by the populace for motion from one topographic point to another. It creates job for the motion of heavy vehicles in the roads as the velocity of the traffic motion lessenings and therefore it reduces the efficiency of the route conveyance in the metropolis. Merely 12 % heavy vehicles are runing in the metropolis. Lesser figure of Bus / Minibus ( i.e. Mass Transit System ) are used for transit and besides trucks which are used for the logistics motion counts less in figure. Due to non-availability and inefficiency of MTS and inconvenient Public Transport, there is increased figure of two Wheelers in the metropolis. 41 % of the entire vehicle count is occupied by two-three Wheelers which increases the pollution degree and increased traffic undiscipline on roads. Car/Jeep/Taxis/Van are besides used as the transit medium by the public.It histories for 17 % of the entire traffic motion in the metropolis. Recent Developments of Roads in Ranchi Consideration of Ranchi Ring Road ( RRR ) It has been proposed by the Ranchi municipal corporation to keep good substructure installations at Ranchi.For this thing Ranchii authorities has identified some major roads development in the city.The status of the roads in Ranchi is non good and roads are really efficient and largely are individual laned. So it increases the traffic congestion at chief topographic points in the markets and therefore reduces the traffic motion from one topographic point to another. The Ranchi municipal corporation proposes to develop a to the full modern system for safe and efficient motion of traffic. As a first measure, it is decided to take up the development of Ranchi Ring Road. This will be a 85 Km long six lane dual carriageway installation running along the suburb s of Ranchi and supplying bye-pass installations to National Highways, State Highways, other roads, soon running through the Ranchi City. The chief roads emanating from Ranchi metropolis are: Ranchi Ramgarh Hazaribagh ( NH33 ) Ranchi Purulia Ranchi Jamshedpur ( NH33 ) Ranchi Chaibasa Tata Nagar Ranchi Lodhma Kera Rourkela Ranchi Gumla Rourkela ( NH23 ) Ranchi Daltenganj ( NH75 ) and Ranchi Pithauria Patratu The strength of traffic on these roads has increased manifolds doing considerable hold in travel clip and incommodiousness to the intercity traffic. In the first phase, the province authorities would set about the building work of linking the province capital s outskirts Kathi Tand ( near Ratu on Ranchi-Daltonganj main road ) and Karma ( on Ranchi-Ramgarh route ) . It would assist cut down the force per unit area of heavy vehicles on the streets of the province capital. To enable congestion free intra-city traffic motion, supply unhampered motion to the traffic destined to other Stationss, aid in making pollution free environments and supply chief entree to Greater Ranchi, there is an pressing demand to develop this Ranchi Ring Road along the urban fringe of metropolis in the first phase.This besides forms portion of the State Government s policy of harmonizing precedence for the development and betterment of the conveyance sector in the province. In the original specifications, two overpasss were proposed at Kathi Tand ( which comes under NH-75 on Ranchi-Daltonganj stretch ) and at Karma ( NH-33 ) . The province authorities can set about the overpass undertaking merely after acquiring clearance from the Union ministry of Road Transport and Highways. Seven class separated intersections by manner of 6 overpasss and one elevated cross route have been proposed at the undermentioned intersections: 1. Section I Vikas on NH 33 ( Flyover ) 2. Section II Tati silwai on SH ( Flyover ) 3. Section III Rampur on NH 33 ( Flyover ) 4. Section IV Tipudana on SH ( Flyover ) 5. Section V Lalgutua on NH-23 ( Flyover ) 6. Section VI Kathiatar on NH-75 ( Elevated Cross Road ) 7. Section VII Kanke Pithauria Road ( Flyover ) 16 Underpasss have been proposed beneath a class separated construction to transport one or more watercourse of traffic. There are 2, 7, 1, 1, 0, 0, and 5 subwaies for Section I, II, III, IV, V, VI and VII severally. Road Rail Crossings: As per the demand of the employer, route over Bridgess ( ROBs ) on two railroad crossings in Section II and one in Section IV have been provided. Similarly one route under span on Railway traversing in Section V has been proposed in position of railroad line running on high embankments. Issues a. The demand for urban conveyance in Ranchi metropolis is projected to be about dual by the twelvemonth 2011. B. Lack of Mass Transit System. Cycle-rickshaws and auto-rickshaws are therefore the prevailing manners of public conveyance. The entire portion of public conveyance is 0 % against the lower limit desired 80 % portion for Ranchi, as per the guidelines issued by the Ministry of Urban Development, GoI in 1988. This is desired for effectual traffic direction. c.Two-wheelers like scooter, bike and moped are the most widely used individualized manner of conveyance, which increase the traffic denseness on the roads and due to high maneuverability they add to indiscipline amp ; occasional the traffic blockages / jams. d. The present public conveyance ( IPTs ) is found to be unequal and disappointing chiefly due to their high cost, hapless service, uncomfortableness caused by over embarkation, slow velocity, pollution and indiscriminate arrests to function passengers.. e. The velocity of the traffic on most of the inner-city roads is governed by the velocity of the jinrikisha ensuing in congestion and really low mean journey velocities, every bit low as 10 kmph. f. Considerable holds at intersections due to non-standard constellations, and increased struggles. g. Indiscriminate parking by dwellers and general deficit of parking infinites. h. Increasing volumes of three wheeled car jinrikishas making extra jobs due to their maneuverability, Road Safety A ; Congestion i. Pathway Most of roads inside the metropolis have no defined pathwaies. In most of the instances the route heart terminates suddenly to Earth, someplace to constructed shoulder. In countries such as chief roads with commercial constitutions the route heart is continued to the next stores or boundary. The building of concrete paving by single store proprietors are witnessed on secondary roads. two. Road Side Railing A ; Curb Stones The route side railings spliting the route from pathwaies and service lanes is virtually absent in the full metropolis. One can come in the route at any point straight from the store, abode or other constitutions. The deficiency of kerb rocks and deficiency of raised sideways or pathway along the roads, consequences in use of full right of manner by traffic motion, and the unguided prosaic therefore ends up devouring infinite on the route three. Divider, Railing A few of Arteries in the metropolis are provided with splitter, the Main Road go throughing through the commercial hub of the metropolis is provided with splitter with inveighing over it, but due to legion punctures in to the railing, prosaic can be found traversing the route virtually at any location. four. Para Transit Auto Stops It is a general pattern in the metropolis to park the lone bing public conveyance manner, the cars on the route, really near to the intersections. This consequences in decrease of effectual clear route breadth at the intersections, therefore join forcesing to the traffic congestion at the intersection. v. Road Painting A ; Zebra Crossing Except chief arterias all other roads have no route line picture. The defined Zebra crossing even at signalized intersections are losing, ensuing in unguided crossing walker, the absence of arrest line at intersections once more provide purchase to go against traffic regulations. six. Signalization The signalized intersections in the metropolis are really rare. A few of the intersections have manned traffic monitoring, which raise serious concern over the safety of the traffic constabulary, standing at center of the traffic, unprotected and without any base. A really few of the intersections have signal visible radiations with timer show, which is a must in such instance of heterogenous traffic. The queuing witnessed at the peak times at the Main Road in the chief market has been about 20 autos in a row. The manned intersections rhythm clip varies from 15 sec. to 4 min. seven. Traffic Jam, Congestion A ; Traffic velocity The traffic jam witnessed at the extremum hours in the commercial hubs were chiefly due to unorganised and hap risky motion of jinrikisha A ; other vehicles at the intersections, where everybody is caught at the Centre with no infinite to maneuver the vehicle to do infinite to unclutter the jam. The weaving of jinrikisha, heterogenous traffic, traffic regulation misdemeanor, bottlenecks all such issues result in congestion and deceleration of the traffic. Bottle cervixs As per the reconnaissance study of the metropolis by experts, the identified bottle cervixs in the metropolis preponderantly lies in the Station country ( Railway Station and Birsa Munda coach base ) , Main market are ( Main Road ) , Sweeping market ( Upper Bazar ) . The primary causes of such constrictions are as follows: a. Varying carriageway of roads in the Main market country, lesser transporting capacity ( two lane route with heterogenous traffic ) in Upper Bazar. b. Invasion by the retail stores along the streets, by puting billboards, containers A ; show in the full metropolis is prevailing and constitutes to the traffic congestion. c. Unauthorized parking along the roads is another ground for decrease of effectual route breadth curtailing the smooth traffic flow. d. Almost all the intersection inside the metropolis are flanked with Auto ( metropolis conveyance ) , sellers right at the intersection and really near to the intersection. e. Due to the absence of clear and defined prosaic waies along the chief streets, the prosaic tend to utilize about one full lane for transposing. Institutional Duty Multiple bureaus are involved in back uping and easing traffic and transit mechanism in Ranchi. Provision of route substructure is done by RMC, PWD A ; NHAI. The traffic ordinance has been the duty of the traffic constabulary section. No individual bureau is entirely responsible and accountable for traffic and conveyance direction. This is giving rise to overlapping of maps and spacial and functional atomization Schemes a. Encouraging displacement towards a Mass Transit System and minimising the usage of individualized vehicles. For case, as per the modal split degrees recommended by the Central Institute of Road Research, 30 % to 40 % of the riders trips should be carried by mass theodolite ( coach ) in medium size metropoliss holding population between 1 and 2 million. Ranchi metropolis requires a wise combination of coach service and IPT service for minimising the usage of individualized manners B. High capacity coach service to link major establishment, infirmaries capital metropolis, station, airdrome and industrial country. c. Options for Mass Transit System for the Ranchi City like Mini Bus shuttle service for thoroughfare traffic as immediate step. d. Improvement of all major arterias, i.e. widening A ; strengthening of paving building of pathwaies, railings, street lamps, drainage, average, shoulder, route picture, route signage, beef uping of culverts etc as applicable. e. Proper geometric design of rotary and island at Intersections. Based on traffic volume and infinite handiness integrating signalisation, zebra crossing. f. Provision of automatic signal system, based on traffic volume where is infinite is a restraint for big size traffic circle. Cycle clip of traffic visible radiations to be fixed utilizing computing machine simulation with regard to traffic velocity, flow and line uping length. g. Identifying Missing Linkss: A Inner Ring Road to be built by building a new route links between Kanke Road to Ratu Road farther to Argora Chowk, another route nexus between Hinoo Chowk to Namkum Chowk. h. Road infinite direction by curtailing usage of route infinite by heavy vehicles and private motor autos in engorged cardinal countries during haste hours. I. Supplying authorised parking infinites at high demand countries in order to cut down invasion on roads by unauthorised parking. J. Facilitating smooth flow of traffic through steps such as traffic signals and marks, one-way streets and velocity control with accent on enforcement of traffic ordinances. k. Road safety and pollution control checks including the review of fittingness of vehicles every bit good as preparation and testing of the IPT drivers. l. Providing installations for prosaic and rhythm travel is a must for Ranchi metropolis. These manners of travel are cost-efficient, do non necessitate fuel and make non take to air or noise pollution. MAP OF RANCHI SHOWING THE ROADS AND ITS CONNECTIVITY Road Network Map of Ranchi

buy custom Psoriasis essay

buy custom Psoriasis essay Psoriasis is a non-contagious chronic skin disease that is characterized by inflammatory and multiplying itchy patches on the skin and is clinically identified by well established, erythematous red papules and plaques having silvery scales. These patches usually appear on the elbows, knees, external surfaces, and scalp, but may be manifested all over the body (Oguejiofo, 2010). As the condition advances, one may also develop inflamed and achy joints, experience alterations in the appearance of nails, feel fatigue, and develop redness and pain around the eyes. The disease may be influenced by particular systemic and ecological features, but the course cannot be exactly identified. Immune system malfunctions arise from genetic information, where a patient carries genes, such as the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)that is known to cause swellings, highly found in individuals with psoriatic arthritis, and claimed to be one of the instigators (Langley, 2010). The immune malfunction leads to a rapid growth cycle of skin cells, which then die, but instead of falling off accumulate to form patches or, in some cases, inflammations and damages to the joints (Oguejiofo, 2010). Psoriasis can be caused by a genetic inheritance, though the process of inheritance is unclear, but assumed to be polygenic after analysis of the historical lineage of the patients. HLA system includes genes HLA B16, Cw6, B13, and B27, which are the genetic indicators in different psoriatic populations (Bandyopadhyay, 2012). Some of the factors that may aggravate and onset psoriasis according to Bandyopadhyay (2012) include: Trauma; this involves the growth of psoriatic wounds at the injured spot, which can be a result of physical, chemical, surgical, infective injuries, or inflammations. This is also known as Koebner phenomenon. Infection; a severe development of guttate psoriasis may occasionally be activated by the infection of streptococcal pharyngitis. Equally, HIV infection is also linked to the intensification in disease. Drugs; exposure to Lithium, withdrawal from systemic corticosteroids, antimalarial drugs, NSAID, and beta-blockers may catalyze the development of the disease (Bandyopadhyay, 2012). Other potential activators of the disease include strong sunlight, psychological stress, cigarette smoking, and alcohol (commonly experienced by males). Role of Immune Response The precise immune-pathogenesis of psoriasis is not clearly known. However, its etiology is associated with immunologic factors. The disease entails development of epidermal hyperplasia, existence of acute inflammatory cells, and alterations of vascular inflammation. The skin epidermis and dermis of a psoriatic plaque usually contain high numbers of different immune system cells, such as activated T cells, activated antigen-presenting cells (APCs) (Bandyopadhyay, 2012) (which include Langerhans, dendritic cells, and macrophages), hyper-proliferating keratinocytes, and neutrophils (Bandyopadhyay, 2012). The stimulation of the dermal cells, APCs, or keratinocytes may lead to stimulation of antigen production. The secretion of cytokine, lymphokine antigens, and the enhancement of T-cell in turn activates inflammations and hyper-proliferation of epidermal cells bringing to the clinical lesions termed as psoriasis (Bandyopadhyay, 2012). Nursing Assessment Nursing assessment involves physical examination, where a nurse interviews patients about their feelings, possibility of past injury, or exposure to chemicals. A patient suffering from psoriasis may record a feeling of soreness, burning, itchiness of the skin, or painful joints (Langley, 2010). Assessment process also includes inspection, where nurse observes the affected body parts and examines the presence of thickened skin with red papules covered with silvery scales. Palpation helps nurses to identify the texture of thickened skin. Physical examination of a typical lesion of psoriasis manifests features, such as lesions showing distinct borders, which are raised above the skin surface, appear red in color, and may be bounded by a pale halo. The lesions commonly are more than one centimeter in diameter and appear round or oval shaped (Langley, 2010). These lesions sometimes merge to form wide geographic patterns and are enclosed with loosely attached silvery white scales, which, when removed, may expose bleeding points. The parts usually affected are the elbows, shins, sacral regions, nails, and knees, among others. Other than the site variations, there are usually morphological variations of the lesions referred to as verrucous, lichenoid, linear, annular, follicular, figurate, and gyrate lesions (Lui, 2012: Oguejiofo, 2010). Implications for Nursing Psoriasis affects skin appearance and, as the skin is an exposed visible organ, can cause extreme psychological responses on patient. Nurses, therefore, have a continuous duty to psychologically help patients suffering from such conditions. This is because the condition affects the persons sense of self-concept. The constituents of self-concept that are normally evaluated by nurses comprise body image and self-esteem. The implications of nursing assessment include patients psychosocial responses to these components that often result in social isolation and, subsequently, loneliness (Menter Stoff, 2011). Many individuals in such conditions are usually disturbed by the body image and appearance, fear the risk of social isolation and experience changes in the self-esteem. Nurses need to be aware of the identifying characteristics of this diagnosis and the suitable nursing interventions to be employed that can result in positive patient outcomes (Menter Stoff, 2011). Nurses are, theref ore, in a unique position to handle the multidimensional impacts of psoriasis. Some of the interventions that can be employed are: Promoting understanding of the patient through explanations that there is no cure for psoriasis, though the disease can be controlled through lifetime management and advising patients to avoid the provoking factors. Promoting skin integrity; this is done by advising patients not to scratch psoriatic areas, instead to prevent the skin from drying out and clean with not too hot water, and teaching patients to use bath oil or emollient cleansing agent meant for sore and scaling skin. Improving self-concept and body image; this involves introduction of coping strategies that helps minimize stress and training patient to embrace self-care. Treatment Long term treatment is one of the nursing implications that must be initiated after nursing assessment and diagnosis of the psoriasis condition. Psoriasis is a chronic disease and, therefore, its therapy is long-term, needs to be individualized, depending on age, occupation, sex, and severity of the disease and available resources (Menter Stoff, 2011). Treatment of scalp psoriasis is still a challenge to the dermatologists. An effective management mechanism is essential and should include examination of the severity of the condition. The objectives of management are to slow the possible quick turnover of epidermis and to encourage solutions of the psoriatic lesions by addressing the aggravating factors, assessing the patients condition with a view of minimizing stress, gentle removal of scales using oils that soften the scales (Lui, 2012). There are three main types of therapy used in handling psoriasis. These include: topical, phototherapy, and systemic agents that can be used inde pendently or concurrently (Bandyopadhyay, 2012). Topical Therapy this is an outpatient therapy used as the basic methodology in the treating mild plaque psoriasis. This involves administration of medicines in cream or ointment forms applied to the affected skin and scalp areas. Phototherapy - used when there is extensive and widespread resistance to topical treatment. This type of therapy requires special facilities that can offer two main forms of phototherapy. The first one is ultraviolet B (UVB) that uses ultraviolet radiation with wavelengths 290-320 nm, and the second is photo chemotherapy (PUVA), which includes a photosensitizing drug methoxsalen administered orally to patients, then ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation to treat individuals with widespread disease (Bandyopadhyay, 2012). Systemic Therapy; this is employed when both, phototherapy and topical forms of treatments prove to be ineffective, and is administered on patients suffering from erythrodermic psoriasis, active psoriatic arthritis, and widespread pustular psoriasis. The major implication that comes with the diagnosis and the treatment of psoriasis is the high cost of this therapy that many patients may not afford. Some of the drugs used in the therapy may include antimetabolites, such as methotrexate, acitretin, cyclosporine, which is used to selectively inhibit the T-helper cell from producing IL-2, thus produces immunosuppressive effects. Others include sulphasalazine and mycophenolate mofetil, which is still under evaluation, intended to prevent synthesis of the nucleotide guanosine (Bandyopadhyay, 2012). Conclusion Psoriasis is a non-contagious chronic skin disease that is manifested by inflammatory itchy patches on the skin and is clinically identified by well established, reddish papules and plaques enclosed with silvery scales that are generally circular or oval shaped. These patches usually appear on the elbows, knees, and on the exterior surfaces and scalp, but may be manifested all over the body. This condition is caused by malfunctions of the immune system and exposure to environmental factors (Langley, 2010). Nursing assessment of the disease is through clinical observation and physical examination for the identifying characteristics of this diagnosis that include feelings related to soreness, burning, itchiness of the skin, or painful joints and presence of lesions that show distinct border, are raised above the skin surface, and appear red in color. There are a lot of nursing implications that range from self-esteem and feeling of isolation to the cost of therapy administration (Mente r Stoff, 2011). The nurses also have a responsibility to advice the patients on the best self-practices alongside administration of therapies, such as topical, phototherapy, and systemic agents to maintain the disease. Buy custom Psoriasis essay

History of Company Renault

History of Company Renault Introduction Renault, a motor vehicle manufacturing company was founded in 1898. The headquarters of the company is in Boulogne-Billancourt, France. It operates in 118 countries and provides employment for approximately130, 000 people. The production output of the company in 2010 was 3,195,810.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on History of Company Renault specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The French automaker produces cars, vans and makes the third largest automaker in the world owing to its alliance with Nissan. The company contributes significantly in the electric car manufacture industry being one of the major manufacturers among leading companies. The company has extensive associations and owns Automobile Dacia a Romanian automobile manufacture and Renault Samsung a Korean company (Taylor, 2010). The company has a long history of car manufacturing and gourmet creativity since it was founded by Louis Renault, Marcel and Ferdinand who were brothers. The unity of the family and dedication of the brothers produced the company which has been sustained to date by family loyalty and contribution. The business acumen of Marcel and Ferdinand acquired from running their fathers textile firm made the young aspiring engineer’s designs a reality. The world in the recent past has been engaged in extensive measures to sustain the environment by reducing pollution. All manufacturers are required to utilize environmental friendly production methods and at the same time ensure that their products are also designed to minimize environmental pollution. Renault Company has been involved extensively in this effort by having elaborate sustainability criteria. Sustainability criteria The advent of technology and rising number of industries all the world has culminated into worldwide concern on sustainability. The future generations face a risk of living in a world that is highly polluted and inhabitable.Advert ising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this light, industries all over the world are required to adhere to strict environmental regulations aimed at promoting sustainability. The Renault Company is one such company that has embarked on stringent measures to ensure sustainability both in the environment and in the corporate arena. The company has taken a step in ensuring environmental sustainability through the design of its vehicles; in this effort, it has spearheaded the design of an electric vehicle. The company believes that innovation favors progress; however innovation is only beneficial if majority of people stand to gain. This line of thinking culminated in the launching of Renault eco vehicles in 2008 (Easier Cars, 2008). The vehicle adheres to strict environmental sustainability criteria from the time of manufacturing in ISO 14001 certified plants which produce le ss than 140g/km carbon dioxide emissions with 85 per cent of the vehicle’s parts recyclable at the end of its useful period (Steven, 2008). The company has embedded sustainability in the design of its vehicles to ensure road safety and environmental preservation (Automotive design-Europe, 2009). This sustainable development involves the production of safe vehicles, enlightenment of current and future drivers, providing good working conditions for the employees and environmental preservation. The company has an environmental policy that aims at reducing the risks caused by industries as well as mitigating the environmental impact caused by its vehicles in every stage of their life cycle. Furthermore, the company has implemented sustainability at innovation and design stage. The company has taken a life cycle approach in this mitigation effort. The environmental impact of each vehicle that the company produces is accounted for since the time its design is conceived to the time the vehicle is rendered unserviceable. One perfect example of this recycling approach is evident in its application on the company’s Renault Modus model. This model has utilized 18kg of recycled plastic to make components such as bumpers, dashboards and hidden vehicle parts. Environmental friendliness to ensure sustainability has been extended to countries where the Renault Company operates.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on History of Company Renault specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Embedding sustainability through design has led the company to employ over 600 employees who directly deal with safety issues daily. The vehicle’s designs are produced with utmost consideration of safety right from the early stages of design development. This quest for safety in the company does not end at the design of the vehicles rather the company is engaged in promotion of safety awareness. For instance, since 2000 the company’s safety for all programs has substantially enlightened children- the future road users on road safety. The program has also reached international audience with its deployment in over twelve countries engaging approximately 6 million youngsters. On the background of rising fuel costs and the pollution associated with exhaust gases, Renault’s designs are innovative and sustainability minded. The vehicles are economical benefiting from the company’s latest technological innovations which cut fuel consumption. The engine design is a direct petrol injection which has been downsized to smaller cubic capacity without decrease in performance. However, just optimizing the existing technological solutions on minimizing fuel consumption is enough, a fact that that the Renault company is well aware of. Therefore, the company has taken the gauntlet of sustainable mobility to a new level. The Renault company innovative designs are geared to zero emission. The electr ic vehicle is a breakaway technological innovation, which the company is set to market on a large scale (Pearson, 2009, pp3.). The Renault Company enforces sustainability through the development of three major policies namely; environmental policy, human resources policy and road safety policy. Environmental policy In the recent years the number of vehicles on our roads has been rising steadily making mobility easier. This increase is impacting on our environment negatively through greenhouse gas emission and noise pollution.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The world has been in the recent past greatly concerned with the protection of the environment by encouraging companies to embrace sustainable manufacturing procedures that have a reduced negative impact on the environment. Renault has not been left out in this noble cause as environmental protection is at the heart of the company’s commitment to sustainability. Human resource policy The Renault Company is dedicated in promoting sustainable mobility evidenced by the establishment of the Institute of Sustainable Mobility in September 2009 by Renault Foundation and ParisTech in a bid to promote sustainable mobility in the world. The academic world and Renault engineers’ joint effort is aimed at encouraging research on innovative mobility systems, particularly electric vehicles (Sean, 2008). Furthermore, the institution is dedicated to training top managers and scientists in an attempt to transportation needs while taking up challenges that are posed by sustainable mobili ty. The company has embedded sustainability through design and implementation of innovative mobility systems. The institute is carefully planned with eight school and ten laboratories dedicated to the development of sustainable designs. Logistical requirements of an electric vehicle that will be used all over the world are foreseen by the Electrical Mobility Systems laboratory. Moreover, the institute has a business model that seeks to guarantee smooth development of electric vehicles. Safety policy Road accidents claim a significant number of lives and loss of property. Many young people have been involved in road accidents particularly because they have not received proper road safety training. This is not the only cause of road carnage, some of the blame can be directed to car manufacturers who are not involved these youth education programs. The Renault Company realizes that road safety is vital ingredient to sustainable development. In this light, the company invests on safety research and development a huge amount of money in the tune of 100 million Euros. This dedication has earned the company a lot of praise as it is being regarded as the pioneer of road safety. All these efforts are geared towards sustainability through design. Sustainability opportunity The company’s large scale marketing approach is driven by the desire to ward off competition from other manufacturing companies who also produce electric cars. The company is set to launch Kangoo Express Z.E and Fluence Z.E this year (Wired News, 2010). The intended large-scale use of electric vehicles requires a smooth transition from the current mobility system, thus the company has charged the Worldwide Vision with this mandate. Finally, for the large scale project to succeed efficiency and reliability of the electric batteries is compulsory. In this light, the institute has a Battery Technology department that taken up this challenges. Renault Company has also paid attention to the training of its managers towards sustainable development by launching the Electrical Master’s diploma. This was done with the engagement of the Renault Foundation and ParisTech to present a high-level course that is open to students from all over the world. The Institute of Sustainable Mobility is also open to the companies and universities from all over the world who wish to join. The development of the company’s core values presents an opportunity to contribute to sustainable development. The company’s values revolve around respecting its employees and promoting transparency according to the company’s code of conduct. The company’s management reckons that future success is pegged on the present decisions. This commitment has ensured that the company is mindful of the future generations. The company has successfully embedded sustainability of in its company by fostering active teamwork. The Renault Company is committed in training its employees on sustain able development. This effort has led to an empowered management that has the company’s values at heart. The company’s organizational structure is tailored to ensure employee engagement and participation by having short lines of command, networking and cross-departmental initiatives (Renault, 2010). This move to engage its employees has a positive impact on productivity and sustainability. For a company dedicated to promoting sustainability it is paramount for its management to reckon that charity begins at home thus the key to success in its endeavors is by having a sustainable and reliable workforce. Benefits The Renault Company has realized numerous benefits for embedding sustainability in its designs. The company has secured its future by showing concern to the environment. A favorable environment is paramount requirement for any company which has its eyes trained on the future. All manufacturing companies must check that they do not surpass the allowed greenhouse gases emissions failure to which a hefty fine is imposed on the defaulter. The Renault Company has evaded this loophole by implementation of manufacturing procedures and vehicle designs that environmentally friendly. Secondly, the company has strengthened its workforce and built a strong team that is transparent and committed to the achievement of sustainability as well as the company’s corporate objectives. Since 1898 the company’s success has been pegged to teamwork and dedication which is the root of the company’s success. Teamwork has also set a stage for the company’s future success with employees who share in the company’s long term objectives. Embedding sustainability in the design of the vehicles has led to the acclamation of the Renault Company as a pioneer in the electric vehicle manufacture on a large scale, a fete that has made the company one of the leading automobile manufacturing companies in the world. The company is involved in var ious projects that promote social and economic well being in the local communities. For instance, the company’s involved in its Romanian Pitesti site has endowed the local community with social, economic and environmental benefits. In its Pitesti site the company engaged the local players to combat unemployment by founding the Development and Solidarity Foundation in 2000. The foundation’s objective is developing employment opportunities in the area by creating a business conducive environment. This endeavor has culminated into the setting up of over 30 companies in Pitesti-Mioveni thus providing bountiful employment opportunities and promoting the region as major reference point in Romania. Furthermore, this project has inspired the establishment of similar. Developing sustainable development is a win-win achievement for the company in the sense that the company has received praise and accolades from the world all over at the same time laying a foundation for its futu re success. References Automotive design-Europe. (2009) Automotive Design line. Web. Easier cars. (2008) Renault launches its Renault eco line of vehicles. Web. Pearson, D. (2009) Renault itching to return to the US. The Wall Street Journal. Pp. A.3-A.3. Renault. (2011) Renault Group governance. Web. Sean, O. (2008) ‘Renault bets on electric’. The Independent (UK). Web. Steven, S. (2008) ‘Renault to develop electric cars for Israel project’. Reuters.Web. Taylor, A. (2010) Around the world for Renault Nissan. Web. Wired News. (2010) Renault’s Fluence Z.E. headed for a better place. Web.

The modernization theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The modernization theory - Essay Example This multi-dimensional orientation of the concept give it a much wider and bigger scope to cover and discuss many important and critical issues of the modern world and specially those faced by the developing countries. In effect, Modernization theories study the impact of modernization process on the human communication and in doing so explore many critical and important issues which may serve as the reconciliation points between the developed and developing world. However these modernization and development theories are controversial also as the most underdeveloped societies due to their strong cultural, religious and economic values find it hard to embarrass a change which has not emerged indigenously. This study will explore the modernization and development process besides providing a critical analysis of the theoretical framework and the impact of cultural invariance on the modernization and development process and the societies. The historical orientation of the modernization and development process suggest that it is a macro-theory with historical and sociological inspirations. (Universiteit Twente). It is believed that the theories of modernization and development were developed in order to assess its impact on the human communication. Gidden defined modernization as â€Å"the appearance of the modes of social life of organization which emerged in Europe from about the seventeenth century onwards and which subsequently became more or less worldwide in their influence† (Giddens). Therefore in effect, modernization defines the changing ways of the communication taking place in modern and traditional society. In its essence the modernization and development theories suggest that the western values and practices are best and that if replicated by the developing countries can prove beneficial to the long term

Cyclones and Earthquakes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cyclones and Earthquakes - Essay Example We cannot completely reduce the material damage done by these natural calamities but the number of human lives that are lost during these disasters can be considerably reduced. We can also lessen the after effects of the calamity like the emotional trauma of loosing near and dear ones. A number of psychological disorders like post traumatic disorder which can hamper an individual's normal life can be vanquished. The poor people are worst victims of a natural calamity. Lot of resources time and money is spent in trying to rehabilitate the individual who have suffered from these calamities. As far as the aftermath of a calamity is concerned cyclone and earthquakes produce similar effects. All these natural phenomena's are a threat to the health and well being of an individual. We cannot avert a natural disaster but we can properly manage it and reduce the damage to human property and mind. Forecast of These natural phenomena is the only thing that can be done and can be utilized to red uce the risk to human life and property. These natural phenomena are a result of the careless utilization of the bounties of nature. The director Salvano Briceno of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction has vey rightly said that "Not only is the world globally facing more potential disasters but increasing numbers of people are becoming vulnerable to hazards," There are people who believe that it is global warming which is increasing the number and severity of the of these natural phenomena. There is no conclusive proof to the fact that global warming is a contributing factor in the occurrence of these natural disasters. Gradually over a period of time the temperature of the earth has increased as a result of human activity. This leads to the trapping of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere consequently raising the temperature of the earth. There is an increase in the number of hurricanes and cyclones in the world and this has been attributed to warmer sea surface and altered wind patterns .Global warming is seen as the cause of the warming up of the sea surface. In a sample study we can see that the nu mber of cyclones in the Atlantic have increased from six in 1900 to 1930 to 15 in 1995 to2005 (Science Daily, n.p) There is no direct relation of earthquakes with global warming but it has been predicted that the melting of the glaciers in the Alaskan region can amount to greater activity of the mobile earth crust i.e tectonic plates. The weight of the glaciers of the Alaskan region is acting as a deterrent for the movement of the tectonic plates. According to Sauber a leading researcher "Historically, when big ice masses started to retreat, the number of earthquakes increased. More than 10,000 years ago, at the end of the great ice age, big earthquakes occurred in Scandinavia as the large glaciers began to melt".( Science Daily, 2004) Therefore it can be deduced that global warming can lead to melting of ice in the Polar Regions and it turn can lead to heightened earthquake activity. Earthquakes and cyclones share similarities as far as the affect of them on human life is concerned. They differ in the causes and different methods of prediction of these calamities. There are different ways in which we can protect ourselves from these natural dis

Tanzanie Experiment Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tanzanie Experiment Paper - Essay Example While some people argue that the curriculum should allow use of Kiswahili in secondary school, the policy makers argue that students should learn English to be able to participate globally. This paper explains how to set up a randomized control trial to obtain a solution for the challenge. 2. How to set up a randomized control trial in Tanzania. Deciding which language to be used for learning would be the most appropriate solution for the learning challenge in Tanzania. The criteria to decide on the most appropriate language would include ensuring that the language used for learning in school increase the students ability to learn and achieve global competitiveness. Tanzania, which is a former protectorate of British, has adopted English. English language is widely used in the globe while Kiswahili is a local language. Moreover, students can utilize books written by diverse authors across the globe without requiring a translation from English into Kiswahili. Selecting English as a le arning language in primary school would enable students to be empowered using English for communication, encourage a positive attitude in learning and familiarize students with basic expressions. There are two possible outcomes of the randomized controlled trial. Use of English as a learning language in primary school may improve the performance of student in secondary school. ... will ensure that the subjects of study will involve two clusters where one will receive early intervention of English language while the other cluster will use Kiswahili to learn in primary school. A follow up on the eligible or recruited subjects will be done to compare the outcomes. Jadad and Enkin (12) mention that randomized controlled trial reduces bias by selecting the subjects randomly. The trial will provide answers on weather introduction of English for learning in primary school would enable students increase their learning abilities in secondary school. The subjects will be randomly selected from different schools to include private and public schools in rural and urban setting. Classes of thirty to sixty students in two hundred and seventy schools will be randomly selected. Students will be introduced to English language for learning, in one hundred and thirty five schools. Teachers in the cluster that will use English for learning will be required to be proficient in Eng lish. The teachers can be trained while others can be employed. Students will be taught all subjects in English and be required to speak in English in their social setting. The measurement of their performance will be obtained regularly at the end of each semester. The results will be compared with that of the cluster that used Kiswahili in their primary school. Oral and written tests will be administered to students in the two clusters after every four months. Follow up will be extended in secondary school where students who learnt using English in primary school will be compared against those who learnt in Kiswahili. All subjects will be taught in English by teachers with competent English skills. The teachers will be required to use English when talking to the students within and

Headhunter Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Headhunter Industry - Essay Example "A headhunter could be described as an independent employment service that seeks out personnel for high - level executive positions; formally known as executive search company (or consultant)" (source: http://www.answers.com/topic/headhunter-2004'cat=biz-fin). The software industry emerged in the U.S. in the mid - 1970's, during the personal computer revolution. It encompasses within its domain, such services as the development, maintenance as well as publication of computer softwares. The industry has seen rapid growth since then and is developing at an amazing speed. The size of the industry could be gauged by its revenues, which totaled to an astonishing figure of $381 billion. The total world wide revenues in the year 2006 amounted to $394 billion representing a growth of 3.5% since the past one year (source: John Desmond, October 2006). With such increase in the size of the industry, the organizations today are increasingly resorting to availing the services of specialized recruitment agencies in order to tap the desired talents in the industry and hire the most desirable candidate for the jobs. However, prior to the emergence of such specialized talent hiring services, who have expertise in hiring talents from their particular field of knowledge; the recruitment process was highly traditional in its operation, consisting of employment agencies who were mostly approached by the prospective job seeker, whose application was then, to be forwarded to the respective organizations, thereby leading to a highly asymmetrical recruiting process. While yet others depended on their in - house recruiting firms, for hiring the right candidate for the job. However, the emergence of the headhunters brought about a revolutionary change in the way these organizations hired, recruited and managed their employable workforce, by introducing the concept of specialized services of niche recruiting, where the headhunters displayed exceptionally high skill levels in their knowledge about a particular occupation / job and helped the companies to hire the right candidate for the positions advertised with minimum effort, and through cost reduction and minimum amount of time by collaborating with the companies or organizations desiring to avail such specialized services (William Finlay, James Coverdill,2002) . The headhunters have a good standing in the society, whereby they are well linked to almost all the trade associations and groups in the industry. Their services are thus, mostly used for hiring talents, in terms of high managerial positions / senior management level positions, which is largely due to the fact that they hold specialized knowledge and expertise in their chosen field. Rationale The right mix of talented human resources coupled with dedication and efficient leadership leads to attainment of the predefined business goals and hence is a key to resolving any business issue. Thus the human resource management groups are increasingly turning towards the special recruitment service providers such as the headhunters, for hiring the best talent available amongst the workable population at their disposal, thereby availing the benefits such as lower recruitment costs, reduced time to close hiring requisitions, and freeing up resources to focus on strategic HR